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here are some of the commands (generally), usually they are many. it vary from os to os.
ping <remote machine> sends an ip echo request to the <remote machine>.
nslookup <machine name> query name server to map names (e.g. bla.bla.net) to ip address and ip addresses to names (the reverse). optionally, you can specify the name server you want to use. under unix, the default name server for a machine can be found in the /etc/resolv.conf file. under other oss, it is in more obvious places such as the networking control panel.
ifconfig configure and display interface configuration
traceroute - print the route packets take to network host
telnet - connect (tcp) to a specific machine/port. you can use it to play with services other than telnet (look in /etc/services for list of services):
arp - display and change arp (address resolution protocol) cache
netstat - display network connections, routing tables, and interface statistics
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